Ralphs, Albertsons Giving Away Free Money!

Ralphs and Albertsons are giving away money to shoppers who spend at least $300. Randy Paige reports.

Ralphs and Albertsons are giving away money to shoppers who spend at least $300. Randy Paige reports.

reading comprehension1. The giving of credit _______________. The creditor―that is, the one who grants the credit―allows the debtor―the purchaser who uses the credit―to own and use a commodity immediately on the basis of deferred payment of cost plus interest. How the loan is granted varies. If one buys a car, one normally gets a direct loan from a financial institution. The buyer takes possession of the car and repays the loan, with interest, over a specified number of months, Meanwhile, the financial institution retains legal ownership of the car until the loan is repaid. Buying a house, though a more complicated process, is quite similar. (a) to businesses allows them to expand their operations (b) is an important part of the policy (c) is basically the granting of a loan (d) is not available to those with poor credit records. 2. Just like today's money, gold has advantages over other kinds of goods. In particular, _______________. From the time of the ancient world, lacking today's means of transportation, its universal acceptability make it the medium of exchange in long-distance trade and among people from different cultures and countries. Even after 4,000years, since money was first invented, gold is still acceptable in any civilized society as money. Since everyone agrees it is valuable, it has universal purchasing power. (a) it can be used to purchase transportation (b) it has never lost its exchange value (c) it can be made various sizes for different values (d) it is prized for its ability to be used in jewelry 3. For every age group, ever interest, every specialty, and every taste there is a magazine. A magazine _______________. An issue of Foreign Policy is usually large enough to look like a paperback, but it is a journal. Other magazines are quite small and use much less paper than the average big-city daily newspaper. Although there are news magazines―such as Time, Newsweek, and The Economist―they are not daily but weekly publications that summarize the events of the previous week and offer commentary. (a) can be considered to share more with a newspaper than with a book (b) is neither a newspaper nor a book, but it my have characteristics of either one (c) should be regarded as a book rather than a newspaper in tit contents (4) sometimes contains more serous contents than a newspaper or a book 4. Dear Bill, Please review the enclosed resume of my nephew, John Wagner. John is an intelligent and ambitious young man whose college performance and initial work experience have been outstanding. His work with Grand Insurance should prove beneficial to you. Could you check around a bit to see _______________? Anytime I can return the favor, or assist you in further contacts, you know you can just call. I look forward to some good news. With regards, Tom, your friend (a) if there is a place for John in your company (b) if there is a good apartment available for his family (c) if he is eligible for a health insurance benefit (d) if he really wants to work in your company 5. While nonverbal symbols normally add to sound patterns, or language, _______________. When members of a football or basketball team hold their hands high in the air with the index fingers extended, the audience knows that the athletes are proud of their victory and consider themselves to be number one―the best team in the league. Many other gestures have meaning when used alone. People who have serious hearing problems, and cannot communicate through sound patterns, become unusually skillful in signing―using hand signals to indicate their meaning. They also become skillful in using eye contact and facial expression to add to signing. (a) by themselves they are insufficient for communication (b) they may also be used by themselves (c) they can also be used as offensive gestures (d) they have more flexibility than language 6. The seasons _______________. In spring, plants and trees sprout new leaves, flowers appear, birds migrate to warmer regions, and many animals emerge from hibernation. With summer, the lengthy hours of sunshine provide energy for photosynthesis and stimulate growth in plants and animals alike. In autumn, the final harvesting is done, many plants shed their leaves, birds migrate to warmer regions, and nearly all furry creatures grow new, thick coats. With winter, animals hibernate or construct warm, protected burrows; seeds have hard coats to keep out the cold; and buds are wrapped in wax as protection against ice. (a) influence our moods in various ways (b) are defined in many different ways (c) heavily affect what we eat and what we do (d) have a profound effect on plant and animal life 7. Although no single event could be blamed for greenhouse gases and resulting in global warming, _______________ in some parts of the world. In Brazil, for example, farmers were routinely encouraged by the government to burn their land in exchange for loans. In 1997, a record-breaking drought let to a dramatic increase in the need for loans, which resulted in a higher than usual incidence of these fires. The fires released greenhouse gases directly into the atmosphere and created smoke levels that threatened the environment and the surrounding human population; 30percent of nearby residents sought treatment for respiratory problems. (a) widespread deforestation through burning worsened the problem (b) increasing human activities are considered to have contributed to the problem (c) fossil fuel emissions were among the most serious cause (d) industrialization in developing countries was the single most important reason 8. In ancient times salt was so valuable that it was used for money. Even today in some parts of the world salt is one of the most prized commodities. One of the reasons is that _______________. Short-term deprivation can cause nausea and weakness. Long-term deprivation causes dehydration, a progressive drop in blood pressure, coma, and finally death, whereas excessive salt consumption can also be harmful and is known to contribute to high blood pressure. Salt is also used to cure animal hides and to remove ice and snow from pavements. (a) it has a property as a preservative (b) it is essential to the health of humans and animals (c) it is useful in almost every aspect of human lives (d) it can be exchanged for many other valuable goods 9. People change the nature of the human population by aborting defective or unwanted fetuses, by controlling when pregnancy occurs, and by planning limits on population size. But should they? Physicians can keep seriously ill patients alive indefinitely, using artificial respirators. machines that take over the control of the beating of the heart, and drugs to control blood pressure and consciousness. But should they? People are beginning to ask whether there comes a time when patients should be allowed to die. Citizens are claiming "patients' rights," insisting on being informed about medical procedures, and deciding how allocate health resources fairly. When they ask these questions and make these decisions, they are _______________. (a) very likely to violate some important medical laws (b) dealing with some of the most serious bioethical issues (c) becoming pioneers in some new scientific areas (d) facing the danger of self-contradiction 10. The Ministry of Justice announced yesterday that _______________ in Korea as early as in 2005. It is hoped that by doing so they could reduce the operational costs and introduce more flexible correctional programs for inmates. It will be exclusively established and run by the private organization Agape, which was set up by a Christian group. Agape will be responsible for the construction of the prison compound and the employment of jail officers, while the government will assist by providing about 5 billion won in aid annually to help the operations of the jail. (a) a private prison will be set up (b) a college for inmates will be founded (c) inmates will be allowed to have a job (d) a construction company will be established 11. An example of biofeedback training is that used for an intermittent condition called Raynaud's phenomenon, which is characterized by cold, "bloodless" fingers or toes. By monitoring finger or toe temperature, those with the ailment can learn to increase or decrease the blood flow, and thus the temperature of their digits. The same technique is used to prevent migraine headaches. Such headaches are largely the result of excess blood flow, which causes vessels in the brain to expand. when biofeedback training has been successful, the migraine suffer can_______________. (a) reduce the flow of blood to the brain (b) increase the blood pressure in other body parts (c) decrease the flow of blood to the hands (d) control the flow of blood in internal organs 12. Welcome to my FIXIT site, home improvement on the web. We are now in the middle of creating sections. Please keep in mind that as this site is just growing, we'll organize tips and articles _______________. For example, a window is on a wall so it'll be in the structural. Wall section; or a gas valve will be on a pipe, so it'll be in the Plumbing section; or installing an additional cable line has to do with wiring so it'll be in the Electrical section, etc. Thanks for your patience. (a) in order of importance (b) based on logical placement (c) according to your urgent needs (d) as our visitors requested 13. Play _________. They investigate and experiment with many of the things they see in order to find out what they are and how they work. Play helps them develop some understanding of abstract concepts. They learn how high "up" is by climbing a tree and how far "down" can be by peering from their perch. Often, because of enthusiasm and curiosity, children plunge headlong into new experiences, but they soon learn caution. They discover that the door on which they can swing can also pinch. All experiences--good and bad--add to each child's basic knowledged and wisdom. (a) requires children to concentrate intensely on a given occupation (b) provides children with a means for discovery and exploration (c) is not limited to some special forms of activities for children (d) may assume an important tole throughout a child's lifetime 14. A poem is _________. Novels, essays, and reports can be translated, though sometimes with difficulty. It is more difficult, perhaps impossible, to translate a poem adequately. A poem is not just a compilation of words; it is words put together to create sound patterns and certain rhythms that together produce a specific effect. The sound s rhythms are peculiar to the language, and each language has its special qualities. Poem are meant to be read aloud―that was their first use. To carry over the same, or even similar, sounds and rhythms into another language is very difficult. (a) translated and understood in several different ways (b) much harder to define than most other forms of literature (c) almost captive to the language in which it is written (d) perhaps more recognizable than other literary forms 15. Astronomy is based on the collection and analysis of light from objects that are not on Earth. If an object to be studied were on Earth you could walk up to it, pick it up, and play with it in any way you please. Astronomers have no such luxury. Astronomers cannot reach out and tilt a galaxy to get a different angle of view. Astronomers cannot watch the birth and death of a star because stars live a million up to a trillion times longer than humans. _______________, astronomers cannot control any object or phenomenon they observe. (a) In particular (b) In contrast (c) In short (d) In comparison 16. It has been estimated that people spend more time communicating than they spend in any other complex activity in life. Even so, communication is a word that most people have difficulty defining and talking about. The word communication nay be used to identify activities that do not involve people―for example, the word communication may be used to describe the ways that animals relate to each other. Similarly, it is often said that electronic devices communicate with each other. _________, communication usually refers to activities involving people. Thus, communication may be defined as the means through which people exchange feelings and ideas with one another. (a) Accordingly (b) In short (c) However (d) Therefore 17. Whether you're exploring the historic cultures of Europe, taking an exotic vacation in Asia or journeying across America, you can take advantage of special rates from Tulip Hotels and Inns around the world now through June 30,2003. In addition to great rates, select locations are offering complimentary benefits including room upgrades, fruit baskets, gifts and welcome drinks. For a listing of participating hotels or to make reservations, call1-800-333-1515 or contact your travel professional. Q. What is mainly advertised in the passage? (a) Restrictions to a promotional event (b) The special rates of Tulip Hotels and Inns (c) An easy way to reserve a room at Tulip Hotels (d) A way to save money for a trip to Europe 18. Most of us are taught to watch money, but not to value time. As a result, We may not even think about how much irreplaceable time we waste to save a few pennies. Is it worth to wander through a giant discount mart, searching for hangers, when the neighborhood hardware-store owner would point to them immediately? To wait for a takeout at the restaurant when delivery is available for a small tip? Rather than dismiss the idea with the words "I can't afford that," it may pay to think twice. Q. What is the main idea of the passage? (a) Saving money always takes time. (b) Money is the most important thing in our life (c) People often waste time to save a little money (d) Shopping at a discount market takes a lot of energy 19. Do not miss out on an excellent offer on this credit card! We offer a card bundled with amazing benefits, such as auto rental collision protection, $1,000,000worldwide travel accident insurance, and extended warranty for certain purchases of electronics. To take this offer, just respond by the date shown on your letter. Even if you have other credit card, the benefits of this Visa Platinum are hard to beat all with no annual fee. You've earned it, so don't let this offer pass you by! Q. What is the main purpose of this advertisement? (a) To explain various uses of a credit card (b) To send out the bill due on the date given in the letter (c) To promote the advantages of travel accident insurance (d) To urge a customer to take an offer of a new credit card 20. People might wonder whether exercise is safe for a pregnant woman. In fact, almost any form of exercise is safe when done the caution and not overdone. But many doctor advise against activities such as downhill skiing, rock climbing and other sports that could cause injury to mother or baby. It is unwise to start a new strenuous exercise routine during pregnancy depend on her own health and, to some extent, on how active she was before she became pregnant. Q. What is the main idea of the passage? (a) Exercise is good for most women. (b) Starting a new exercise needs caution. (c) Pregnancy is a factor in deciding what exercise to do. (d) A pregnant woman can exercise safely if she does so cautiously. 21. People often say:"Creativity runs in the family," or "I inherited this bad back," or "All the women in my family live past 80." It's been an issue for many people how they acquire their traits, from talents to ailments. Genes we inherit from our parents do indeed guide how the body develops and functions. But where we live and what we do, starting in the womb, also plays a large role in determining the outcome. Identical twins, for example, share the same genes, but develop unique personalities and skills based on environmental factors. Researchers are now finding connections between genes and human characteristics ranging from athletic ability to aging. But for the most part, the finding says that our genes are not our ultimate fate. Q. What is the main idea of the passage? (a) Genetic factors are crucial in forming individual characteristics. (b) Scientists have examined a vital relationship between genes and environment. (c) Human beings are a product of interactions between nature and nurture. (d) Environment necessarily changes the personalities of identical twins. 22. Sigmund Freud was one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century. It is unlikely that there is anyone who has never heard of or used a Freudian idea. As a medical doctor, Freud was interested in charting how the human mind affected the body, particularly in the forms of mental illness, such as neurosis and hysteria, and in finding ways to cure those mental illnesses, However, Freud's interest was not only in these mental phenomena of humans. He was interested in exploring the relationship between mental functioning and certain basic structures of civilization. Freud believed that his theories about how the mind worked uncovered some basic truths about not only how an individual self is formed but also how culture and civilization operate. Q. What is the main idea of the passage? (a) Freud was a cultural critic as well as a medical doctor. (b) Freud had a big influence on our concept of civilization. (c) Freud was the founder of modern psychoanalysis (d) Freud's work was not rebutted by any critics. 23.Thank you for shopping at sale.com! Our return policy is easy: you may return any item from sale.com in original condition within 30 days of receipt for a full refund of the product price! To return any item, please obtain an RMA number from our website www.sale.com/support.asp. To save time, you may use the supplied return label on the outside of your return. Thanks for shopping with us. Q. Which of the following is correct according to the passage? (a) Items sold on the Internet cannot be return without a receipt. (b) A full refund requires the return of the merchandise within 30 days of receipt. (c) The return label must be used for returning a product. (d) The website store sale.com opens 24 hours a day, seven days a week. 24.Ever since they came on the scene, trains have had a strong hold on the popular imagination, inspiring countless tories, songs, films and legends. A rugged charm sets them apart from more mundane means of transport and their ecological soundness is again in vogue. Trains pollute less, rarely suffer from weather delays and won't give you jet lag. Less expensive than flying, more comfortable than the bus, trains keep you relaxed and in touch with an ever-changing landscape. Not many people would mourn buses if they became obsolete, and even fewer entertain fond thoughts about airports, but children still count freight cars and wave as the train goes by. Q. Which of the following is correct according to the passage? (a) Train has been cited in many genres of art. (b) Traveling by train is safer than by plane. (c) A trip by plane is an energizing experience to many. (d) Traveling by bus is the best way to enjoy sightseeing. 25 Each day about 10 women go to the agency, but only two to three of them are put in the files. There are criteria for selection. First, you must be successful in your professional milieu. Second, you must know a foreign language. And third, you must meet a standard of European looks: blond with blue eyes, slender with long legs. Of the 2,000 women a year who get into the files, only 10 percent get married. Of the 200 who have married recently, one was lucky enough to become the wife of a millionaire. Q. Which of the following is correct according to the passage? (a) Two to three of those who go to the agency succeed in marrying. (b) About 10 percent of those who go to the agency succeed in marrying. (c) Only a limited number of applicants meet agency's standards. (d) At the rate of one per two hundred, those who go to the agency succeed in marrying. 26. Our entire line of products are the highest quality, brand new and direct from our factory, no "seconds," "irregulars" or "reconditioned" products! And because there is no "middle man," we can offer these products at up to 50% less than you would find in retail stores. So here at Down Home Outlet, you buy the same quality bedding items that you would find in the finer retail stores, all while saving time and money! Another benefit of shopping at Do주 Home Outlet is that we ship your order to you for free. Yes! you get FREE SHIPPING on you order, sent to you via Standard UPS shipping. We recognize that a satisfied customer is our best advertisement, so please share your Down Home Outlet experience with your friends and family. Q. Which of the following is correct according to the advertisement? (a) The items sold on the site are slightly irregular. (b) If you buy more than $200, you'll get free shipping. (c) The store sells items related so bedding. (d) The store achieves its discounts through buying large quantities. 27. In the United Sates in the mid-1980s the 500 largest industrial firms accounted for more than three fourths of the net income of all manufacturing companies. General Motors alone had nearly 7000,000 employees. The total assets of such large companies are so great that no one person could own more than a fraction. General Motors has nearly a million stockholders. International Business Machines (IBM) has about 750,000. Although these stockholders own the company, there is no practical way that such a great number of people could actually operate it on a day-to-day basis. Control of major corporations is sin the hands of salaried managers. Control over the managers is exercised by a board of directors elected by the stockholders at annual meetings. Q. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a party which controls or operates a corporation in the U.S? (a) Stockholders (b) Salaried manages (c) Board of directors (d) Federal or local governments 28. Because of Pasteur's patient methods, he was able to make many observations about germs. For example, germs cause meat and milk to spoil. They also cause many serious diseases. Pasteur was studying about the germs that cause rabies when Joseph meister became ill. In fact, Pasteur believed he had a cure for rabies, but he had never given it to a person before. At first, Pasteur was afraid to treat Joseph, but his doctor said the child was dying. Pasteur gave Joseph a shot every day for ten days. Slowly, the child became better. Pasteur's vaccination cured him. During his life time, Pasteur studied germs and learned how they cause disease in animals and people. He developed vaccinations that prevent many of these illnesses. He also devised the process of pasteurization which stops food such as milk from spoiling. Q. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? (a) Ten days after the vaccination, Joseph Meister became very sick. (b) Pasteurization is a kind of vaccine for rabies. (c) Germs can cause food to go bad. (d) Eating spoiled meat can develop a rabies in a person. 29. Dear Mr. wallace: This letter serves as confirmation of your reservation for a room in the Delaware University Residence Hall this June. The details of your reservation are as follows: Double Room for $80/night from June 14, 2003 till June 18, 2003. This rate includes linens and breakfast. Please review the details and contact our office at (515) 305-2500 if any changes are necessary. If you must cancel your reservation, we must receive notification at least 24 hours prior to your anticipated arrival. If timely notice is not received, your credit card will be charged for one night of accommodations. We look forward to welcoming you as our guest Q. Which of the following is correct according to the letter? (a) The reservation is made for 3 nights' stay (b) The letter is to notify the cancellation of a reservation. (c) Changes in the reservation are possible with additional charges. (d) 24 hours' prior notice is needed for the cancellation without penalty. 30. Facing the third consecutive year of drought, countries in central Asia are facing severe food shortages and devastated crops and livestock. The worst affected countries include Afghanistan, where years of civil strife and fresh waves of population displacements have added to the pain. Food supplies are also extremely scarce in Uzbekistan, where crop production has declined to nearly half the average output. Other affected countries in the area include Armenia, while Iraq, Iran and Jordan are also experiencing water shortages. Q. What has caused severe food shortages in central Asia? (a) Civil strife (b) Population displacement (c) A decrease in crop import (d) Three consecutive years of drought 31. The term "perfume" originated from "per fumum," a Latin term meaning "through the smoke." In ancient times, fragrant resins were burned as incense offerings to gods. That was the origin of perfume. Today, we understand perfume to be a solution containing 15% to 30% perfume oils and 70% to 85% alcohol. What happened to perfumes between the time of their origin and today? What is the secret? It is oil. The answer is oil-based perfumes. Since oil penetrates any porous material, oil-based perfumes penetrate the skin, causing the fragrance to stay. Alcohol is a drying agent, which evaporates from the most porous material within a short period of time. So the pleasant, sensuous scent of oil-based perfumes will linger longer. Q. Which of the following is correct according to the passage? (a) Perfume originated as an offering to gods in ancient times. (b) A perfume with a higher percentage of alcohol lasts longer. (c) Alcohol in perfume functions to enhance the odor of a perfume. (d) Perfume oils have been used on a global scale from the Roman period. 32. There are singular similarities between Edith Wharton and Henry James, who was a crucial influence on her artistic world. Like James, Wharton was descended from a wealthy, established family in New York society and saw firsthand the decline of this cultivated group and the rise of boorish, nouveau riche business families. This social transformation is the background of many of her novels. Also, like James, Wharton was concerned with the gulf separating social reality and the inner self. Often a sensitive character feels trapped by unfeeling characters or social forces. Wharton had personally experienced such entrapment as a young writer suffering a long nervous breakdown partly due to the conflict in her roles as writer and wife. Q. Which of the following is correct according to the passage? (a) Wharton and James were born in the same year. (b) Wharton despised the nouveau riche class as uncultivated. (c) Wharton was concerned with the gap between social reality and the inner self. (d) wharton's nervous breakdown left her unable to write 33.One of the central myths that many Americans entertain about the Revolutionary War is that victory over the British redcoats was quick and easy. In this nationalist version of history, a united, freedom-loving people rose up in righteous anger at the King's tyrannical actions, defeated the dull British soldiers, and established the United States of America. However, this version of history raises many problems. For one, if victory was so easy, why did it take eight and a half years for the Americans to win it? In fact, modern understanding of the Revolutionary War has been revised. Of the ten wars that Americans have fought, only the Civil War saw more American military deaths per 10,000 citizens, and, except for the Vietnam War, the Revolution was the longest war Americans ever fought. Q. Which of the following is correct according to the passage? (a) The Revolutionary War was won decisively. (b) The historical understanding of the American Revolution has been fixed. (c) The Vietnam War was the longest war that Americans went through. (d) The Revolutionary War invoked a nationwide consensus among Americans. 34. A study of several 17th-century smoking popes, including a number found in the garden of Shakespeare's home in England, has revealed traces of 'cannabis,' or marijuana, according to South African scientists. They analyzed the stems and bowls of 24 clay pipes and found traces of tobacco, suggestive evidence of cannabis, and mysteriously, two of the pipes showed signs of what looks like cocaine. The analysis was made after a South African scientist had a hunch that the reference to the "noted weed" in one of Shakespeare's sonnets may have been the bard's way of extolling the effects of cannabis. Q. Which of the following best describes the author's attitude in the passage above? (a) The author is convinced that Shakespeare used cannabis. (b) The author is sceptical of the suggestion that Shakespeare smoked cannabis. (c) The author is amused at the interesting suggestion about Shakespeare. (d) The author is upset about scientists' lack of respect for the great poet. 35. The early modern period witnessed the rise of a new and powerful merchant class across Europe. This book takes a comparative approach to the effect merchants and traders had on the urban history of market places―streets, squares and specific buildings―in some of the great commercial European cities between the 15th and 17th centuries. It looks at how in this period the transformations of designated commercial area were important enough to modify relationships throughout the entire urban context. Q. Which of the following is the best title of the book? (a) The History of the Market in Early Modern Britain (b) The world Market; Public Houses in Western Europe (c) The Crisis of Urban Surroundings in Early Modern Europe (d) The Market and the City; Urban Architecture in Early Modern Europe 36. Company recruitment interviews at my university are stressful for many seniors. When none of the firms offered a job to my friend, Lisa, I asked if she'd had any problems during her interviews. "They just seemed to ask hard questions," she said. "For example, most asked where I expected to be in five years." "And what did you say?" I pressed. "I sort of shrugged my shoulders and said, 'I don't know. Maybe Colorado."' Q. What can be inferred from the passage? (a) Lisa may be qualified for many jobs, but had no luck. (b) Lisa may not have answered the questions properly in job interviews. (c) Lisa and the writer were close to each other through the university years. (d) Lisa seems to have a good sense of humor. 37. The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the lurid and heroic adventure of the Crimean War. Had she died as she nearly did upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would have come down to us almost as we know it today that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers. However, the Crimean War year which made her a legend were scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. Indeed, her real life behan at the very moment when, in the popular imagination, it had ended. For most of her ninety years, she pushed for reform of hospital sanitation method and with that the profession of nursing stared to gain the respect it deserved. Q. What can be inferred about Florence Nightingale from the passage? (a) Her real achievement in nursing has overshadowed the legend about her. (b) She was very sick when she returned to England from the Crimean War. (c) She received an extensive education unlike other contemporary women of her age. (d) She advanced the study of nursing practices more than anybody else. 38. Many people have an illusion that doctors are godlike beings who are able to miraculously heal all diseases. (a) Moreover, doctors, like the rest of us, are merely human, far from being perfect. (b) Doctors, however, are just technicians, who have limited knowledge about our biology. (c) No one, with only six years of medical training, can completely understand the human body. (d) Nonetheless, when we are sick, we have to follow their advice if you want to get better. 39. Diamonds, which were probably formed millions of years ago in molten lava, have been found on all continents. (a) In about AD 600 diamonds were found in Borneo and are still mined there. (b) The rich fields of Brazil were discovered in the 1700s. (c) In the 19th century even richer diamond fields were found in South Africa. (d) About 20 percent of the world's diamond output is used for industrial purposes. 40. Animals have a wonderful sense of direction, which scientists are still unable to explain. (a) Cats and dogs do not have to be taught how to find their way home. (b) Birds travel thousands of miles form their winter to their summer homes and do not get lost. (c) The pacific salmon swims across the ocean to lay its eggs in the very stream in which it was born. (d) People are the greatest travelers of all although they get lost easily.w84

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Obama: Keeping America's Promise Janesville, WI February 13, 2008 31초 부터~ It was nearly a century ago that the first tractor rolled off the assembly line at this plant. The achievement didn't just create a product to sell or profits for General Motors. It led to a shared prosperity enjoyed by all of Janesville. Homes and businesses began to sprout up along Milwaukee and Main Streets. Jobs were plentiful, with wages that could raise a family and benefits you could count on. Prosperity hasn't always come easily. The plant shut down for a period during the height of the Depression, and major shifts in production have been required to meet the changing times. Tractors became automobiles. Automobiles became artillery shells. SUVs are becoming hybrids as we speak, and the cost of transition has always been greatest for the workers and their families. But through hard times and good, great challenge and great change, the promise of Janesville has been the promise of America - that our prosperity can and must be the tide that lifts every boat; that we rise or fall as one nation; that our economy is strongest when our middle-class grows and opportunity is spread as widely as possible. And when it's not - when opportunity is uneven or unequal - it is our responsibility to restore balance, and fairness, and keep that promise alive for the next generation. That is the responsibility we face right now, and that is the responsibility I intend to meet as President of the United States. We are not standing on the brink of recession due to forces beyond our control. The fallout from the housing crisis that's cost jobs and wiped out savings was not an inevitable part of the business cycle. It was a failure of leadership and imagination in Washington - the culmination of decades of decisions that were made or put off without regard to the realities of a global economy and the growing inequality it's produced. It's a Washington where George Bush hands out billions in tax cuts year after year to the biggest corporations and the wealthiest few who don't need them and don't ask for them - tax breaks that are mortgaging our children's future on a mountain of debt; tax breaks that could've gone into the pockets of the working families who needed them most. It's a Washington where decades of trade deals like NAFTA and China have been signed with plenty of protections for corporations and their profits, but none for our environment or our workers who've seen factories shut their doors and millions of jobs disappear; workers whose right to organize and unionize has been under assault for the last eight years. It's a Washington where politicians like John McCain and Hillary Clinton voted for a war in Iraq that should've never been authorized and never been waged - a war that is costing us thousands of precious lives and billions of dollars a week that could've been used to rebuild crumbling schools and bridges; roads and buildings; that could've been invested in job training and child care; in making health care affordable or putting college within reach. And it's a Washington that has thrown open its doors to lobbyists and special interests who've riddled our tax code with loopholes that let corporations avoid paying their taxes while you're paying more. They've been allowed to write an energy policy that's keeping us addicted to oil when there are families choosing between gas and groceries. They've used money and influence to kill health care reform at a time when half of all bankruptcies are caused by medical bills, and then they've rigged our bankruptcy laws to make it harder to climb out of debt. They don't represent ordinary Americans, they don't fund my campaign, and they won't drown out the voices of working families when I am President. This is what's been happening in Washington at a time when we have greater income disparity in this country than we've seen since the first year of the Great Depression. At a time when some CEOs are making more in a day than the average workers makes in a year. When the typical family income has dropped by $1,000 over the last seven years. When wages are flat, jobs are moving overseas, and we've never paid more for health care, or energy, or college. It's a time when we've never saved less - barely $400 for the average family last year - and never owed more - an average of $8,000 per family. And it's a time when one in eight Americans now lives in abject poverty right here in the richest nation on Earth. At a time like this, it's no wonder that the mortgage crisis was the straw that broke the camel's back. The equity that people own in their homes is often their largest source of savings, and as millions upon millions have seen those savings and their home equity decline or disappear altogether, so have their dreams for a better future. I realize that politicians come before you every election saying that they'll change all this. They lay out big plans and hold events with workers just like this one, because it's popular to do and it's easy to make promises in the heat of a campaign. But how many times have you been disappointed when everyone goes back to Washington and nothing changes? Because the lobbyists just write another check. Or because politicians start worrying about how they'll win the next election instead of why they should. Because they're focused on who's up and who's down instead of who matters - the worker who just lost his pension; the family that just put up the For Sale sign; the young woman who gets three hours of sleep a night because she works the late shift after a full day of college and still can't afford her sister's medicine. These are the Americans who need real change - the kind of change that's about more than switching the party in the White House. They need a change in our politics - a leader who can end the division in Washington so we can stop talking about our challenges and start solving them; who doesn't defend lobbyists as part of the system, but sees them as part of the problem; who will carry your voices and your hopes into the White House every single day for the next four years. And that is the kind of President I want to be. I didn't spend my career in the halls of Washington, I began it in the shadow of a closed steel mill on the South Side of Chicago. We organized churches and community leaders; African-Americans, whites, and Hispanics to lift neighborhoods out of poverty; provide job training to the jobless; and set up after school programs so that kids had a safe place to go while their parents worked. Those are the voices I carried with me to the Illinois state Senate, where I brought Democrats and Republicans together to expand health insurance to 150,000 children and parents; where I led the fight to provide $100 million in tax relief for working families and the working poor. They're the voices I carried with me to Washington, where the first bill I introduced was to make college more affordable; where I fought against a bankruptcy bill that made it harder for families to climb out of debt; and where I passed the most sweeping lobbying reform in a generation - reform that forced lobbyists to tell the American people who they're raising money from and who in Congress they're funneling it to. So when I talk about real change that will make a real difference in the lives of working families - change that will restore balance in our economy and put us on a path to prosperity - it's not just the poll-tested rhetoric of a political campaign. It's the cause of my life. And you can be sure that it will be the cause of my presidency from the very first day I take office. Now we know that we cannot put up walls around our economy. We know that we cannot reverse the tide of technology that's allowed businesses to send jobs wherever there's an internet connection. We know that government cannot solve all our problems, and we don't expect it to. But that doesn't mean we have to accept an America of lost opportunity and diminished dreams. Not when we still have the most productive, highly-educated, best-skilled workers in the world. Not when we still stand on the cutting edge of innovation, and science, and discovery. Not when we have the resources and the will of a decent, generous people who are ready to share in the burdens and benefits of a global economy. I am certain that we can keep America's promise - for this generation and the next. So today, I'm laying out a comprehensive agenda to reclaim our dream and restore our prosperity. It's an agenda that focuses on three broad economic challenges that the next President must address - the current housing crisis; the cost crisis facing the middle-class and those struggling to join it; and the need to create millions of good jobs right here in America- jobs that can't be outsourced and won't disappear. The first challenge is to stem the fallout from the housing crisis and put in place rules of the road to prevent it from happening again. A few weeks ago I offered an economic stimulus package based on a simple principle - we should get immediate relief into the hands of people who need it the most and will spend it the quickest. I proposed sending each working family a $500 tax cut and each senior a $250 supplement to their Social Security check. And if the economy gets worse, we should double those amounts. Neither George Bush nor Hillary Clinton had that kind of immediate, broad-based relief in their original stimulus proposals, but I'm glad that the stimulus package that was recently passed by Congress does. We still need to go further, though, and make unemployment insurance available for a longer period of time and for more Americans who find themselves out of work. We should also provide assistance to state and local governments so that they don't slash critical services like health care or education. For those Americans who are facing the brunt of the housing crisis, I've proposed a fund that would provide direct relief to victims of mortgage fraud. We'd also help those who are facing closure refinance their mortgages so they can stay in their homes. And I'd provide struggling homeowners relief by offering a tax credit to low- and middle-income Americans that would cover ten percent of their mortgage interest payment every year. To make sure that folks aren't tricked into purchasing loans they can't afford, I've proposed tough new penalties for those who commit mortgage fraud, and a Home Score system that would allow consumers to compare various mortgage products so that they can find out whether or not they'll be able to afford the payments ahead of time. The second major economic challenge we have to address is the cost crisis facing the middle-class and the working poor. As the housing crisis spills over into other parts of the economy, we've seen people's entire life savings wiped out in an instant. It's the result of skyrocketing costs, stagnant wages, and disappearing benefits that are pushing more and more Americans towards a debt spiral from which they can't escape. We have to give them a way out by cutting costs, putting more money in their pockets, and rebuilding a safety net that's become badly frayed over the last decades. One of the principles that John Edwards has passionately advanced is that this country should be rewarding work, not wealth. That starts with our tax code, which has been rigged by lobbyists with page after page of loopholes that benefit big corporations and the wealthiest few. For example, we should not be giving tax breaks to corporations that make their profits in some other country with some other workers. Before she started running for President, Senator Clinton actually voted for this loophole. I'll change our tax code so that it's simple, fair, and advances opportunity, not the agenda of some lobbyist. I am the only candidate in this race who's proposed a genuine middle-class tax cut that will provide relief to 95% of working Americans. This is a tax cut -paid for in part by closing corporate loopholes and shutting down tax havens - that will offset the payroll tax that working Americans are already paying, and it'll be worth up to $1000 for a working family. We'll also eliminate income taxes for any retiree making less than $50,000 per year, because our seniors are struggling enough with rising costs, and should be able to retire in dignity and respect. Since the Earned Income Tax Credit lifts nearly 5 million Americans out of poverty each year, I'll double the number of workers who receive it and triple the benefit for minimum wage workers. And I won't wait another ten years to raise the minimum wage - I'll guarantee that it keeps pace with inflation every single year so that it's not just a minimum wage, but a living wage. Because that's the change that working Americans need. My universal health care plan brings down the cost of health care more than any other candidate in this race, and will save the typical family up to $2500 a year on their premiums. Every American would be able to get the same kind of health care that members of Congress get for themselves, and we'd ban insurance companies from denying you coverage because of a pre-existing condition. And the main difference between my plan and Senator Clinton's plan is that she'd require the government to force you to buy health insurance and she said she'd ‘go after' your wages if you don't. Well I believe the reason people don't have health care isn't because no one's forced them to buy it, it's because no one's made it affordable - and that's what we'll do when I am President. If we want to train our workforce for a knowledge economy, it's also time that we brought down the cost of a college education and put it within reach of every American. I know how expense this is. At the beginning of our marriage, Michelle and I were spending more to payoff our college loans than we were on our mortgage. So I'll create a new and fully refundable tax credit worth $4,000 for tuition and fees every year, a benefit that students will get in exchange for community or national service, which will cover two-thirds of the tuition at the average public college or university. And I'll also simplify the financial aid application process so that we don't have a million students who aren't applying for aid because it's too difficult. With so many mothers and fathers juggling work and parenting, the next cost we have to bring down is the cost of living in a two-income family. I'll expand the child care tax credit for people earning less than $50,000 a year, and I'll double spending on quality afterschool programs. We'll also expand the Family Medical Leave Act to include more businesses and millions more workers; and we'll change a system that's stacked against working women by requiring every employer to provide seven paid sick days a year, so that you can be home with your child if they're sick. In addition to cutting costs for working families, we also need to help them save more - especially for retirement. That's why we'll require employers to enroll every worker in a direct deposit retirement account that places a small percentage of each paycheck into savings. You can keep this account even if you change jobs, and the federal government will match the savings for lower-income, working families. Finally, we need to help families who find themselves in a debt spiral climb out. Since so many who are struggling to keep up with their mortgages are now shifting their debt to credit cards, we have to make sure that credit cards don't become the next stage in the housing crisis. To make sure that Americans know what they're signing up for, I'll institute a five-star rating system to inform consumers about the level of risk involved in every credit card. And we'll establish a Credit Card Bill of Rights that will ban unilateral changes to a credit card agreement; ban rate changes to debt that's already incurred; and ban interest on late fees. Americans need to pay what they owe, but they should pay what's fair, not what fattens profits for some credit card company. The same principle should apply to our bankruptcy laws. When I first arrived in the Senate, I opposed the credit card industry's bankruptcy bill that made it harder for working families to climb out of debt. Five years earlier, Senator Clinton had supported a nearly identical bill. And during a debate a few weeks back, she said that even though she voted for it, she was glad it didn't pass. Now, I know those kind of antics might make sense in Washington, but they don't make much sense anywhere else, and they certainly don't make sense for working families who are struggling under the weight of their debt. When I'm President, we'll reform our bankruptcy laws so that we give Americans who find themselves in debt a second chance. I'll close the loophole that allows investors with multiple homes to renegotiate their mortgage in bankruptcy court, but not victims of predatory lending. We'll make sure that if you can demonstrate that you went bankrupt because of medical expenses, then you can relieve that debt and get back on your feet. And I'll make sure that CEOs can't dump your pension with one hand while they collect a bonus with the other. That's an outrage, and it's time we had a President who knows it's an outrage. Those are the steps we can take to ease the cost crisis facing working families. But we still need to make sure that families are working. We need to maintain our competitive edge in a global by ensuring that plants like this one stay open for another hundred years, and shuttered factories re-open as new industries that promise new jobs. And we need to put more Americans to work doing jobs that need to be done right here in America. For years, we have stood by while our national infrastructure has crumbled and decayed. In 2005, the American Society of Civil Engineers gave it a D, citing problems with our airports, dams, schools, highways, and waterways. One out of three urban bridges were classified as structurally deficient, and we all saw the tragic results of what that could mean in Minnesota last year. Right here in Wisconsin, we know that $500 million of freight will come through this state by 2020, and if we do not have the infrastructure to handle it, we will not get the business. For our economy, our safety, and our workers, we have to rebuild America. I'm proposing a National Infrastructure Reinvestment Bank that will invest $60 billion over ten years. This investment will multiply into almost half a trillion dollars of additional infrastructure spending and generate nearly two million new jobs - many of them in the construction industry that's been hard hit by this housing crisis. The repairs will be determined not by politics, but by what will maximize our safety and homeland security; what will keep our environment clean and our economy strong. And we'll fund this bank by ending this war in Iraq. It's time to stop spending billions of dollars a week trying to put Iraq back together and start spending the money on putting America back together instead. It's also time to look to the future and figure out how to make trade work for American workers. I won't stand here and tell you that we can - or should - stop free trade. We can't stop every job from going overseas. But I also won't stand here and accept an America where we do nothing to help American workers who have lost jobs and opportunities because of these trade agreements. And that's a position of mine that doesn't change based on who I'm talking to or the election I'm running in. You know, in the years after her husband signed NAFTA, Senator Clinton would go around talking about how great it was and how many benefits it would bring. Now that she's running for President, she says we need a time-out on trade. No one knows when this time-out will end. Maybe after the election. I don't know about a time-out, but I do know this - when I am President, I will not sign another trade agreement unless it has protections for our environment and protections for American workers. And I'll pass the Patriot Employer Act that I've been fighting for ever since I ran for the Senate - we will end the tax breaks for companies who ship our jobs overseas, and we will give those breaks to companies who create good jobs with decent wages right here in America. I believe that we can create millions of those jobs around a clean, renewable energy future. A few hours northeast of here is the city of Manitowoc. For over a century, it was the home of Mirro manufacturing - a company that provided thousands of jobs and plenty of business. In 2003, Mirro closed its doors for good after losing thousands of jobs to Mexico. But in the last few years, something extraordinary has happened. Thanks to the leadership of Governor Doyle and Mayor Kevin Crawford, Manitowoc has re-trained its workers and attracted new businesses and new jobs. Orion Energy Systems works with companies to reduce their electricity use and carbon emissions. And Tower Tech is now making wind turbines that are being sold all over the world. Hundreds of people have found new work, and unemployment has been cut in half. This can be America's future. I know that General Motors received some bad news yesterday, and I know how hard your Governor has fought to keep jobs in this plant. But I also know how much progress you've made - how many hybrids and fuel-efficient vehicles you're churning out. And I believe that if our government is there to support you, and give you the assistance you need to re-tool and make this transition, that this plant will be here for another hundred years. The question is not whether a clean energy economy is in our future, it's where it will thrive. I want it to thrive right here in the United States of America; right here in Wisconsin; and that's the future I'll fight for as your President. My energy plan will invest $150 billion over ten years to establish a green energy sector that will create up to 5 million new jobs over the next two decades - jobs that pay well and can't be outsourced. We'll also provide funding to help manufacturers convert to green technology and help workers learn the skills they need for these jobs. We know that all of this must be done in a responsible way, without adding to the already obscene debt that has grown by four trillion dollars under George Bush. We know that we cannot build our future on a credit card issued by the bank of China. And that is why I've paid for every element of this economic agenda - by ending a war that's costing us billions, closing tax loopholes for corporations, putting a price on carbon pollution, and ending George Bush's tax cuts for the wealthiest 2% of Americans. In the end, this economic agenda won't just require new money. It will require a new spirit of cooperation and innovation on behalf of the American people. We will have to learn more, and study more, and work harder. We'll be called upon to take part in shared sacrifice and shared prosperity. And we'll have to remind ourselves that we rise and fall as one nation; that a country in which only a few prosper is antithetical to our ideals and our democracy; and that those of us who have benefited greatly from the blessings of this country have a solemn obligation to open the doors of opportunity, not just for our children, but to all of America's children. That is the spirit that's thrived in Janesville from the moment that first tractor came off the assembly line so many years ago. It's the spirit that led my grandmother to her own assembly line during World War II, and my grandfather to march in Patton's Army. When that war ended, they were given the chance to go to college on the GI Bill, to buy a house from the Federal Housing Authority, and to give my mother the chance to go to the best schools and dream as big as the Kansas sky. Even though she was a single mom who didn't have much, it's the same chance she gave me, and why I'm standing here today. It's a promise that's been passed down through the ages; one that each generation of Americans is called to keep - that we can raise our children in a land of boundless opportunity, broad prosperity, and unyielding possibility. That is the promise we must keep in our time, and I look forward to working and fighting to make it real as President of the United States. Thank you.

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